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Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) have been reported in the roots of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous angiosperms, gymnosperms, ferns, and other seedless vascular plants. Plant species occurring in cool, nutrionally poor, alpine or sub-alpine ecosystems have a high incidence of DSEs. It is not uncommon for plant species to have typical mycorrhizal associations in addition to having roots colonized by DSE fungi. Although it is uncertain, DSE fungi do not appear to be host specific. For example, an isolate of Phialocephala fortinii, originally isolated from roots of Vaccinium vitis-idaea, formed typical structures within roots of Asparagus officinalis, and an unidentified DSE isolate from roots of Ranunculus adoneus formed a typical association with roots of Zea mays.
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